Puig-Perez S, Villada C, Pulopulos MM, Almela M, Hidalgo V, Salvador A. Being an optimist or a pessimist and its relationship with morning cortisol release and past life review in healthy older people. Puig-Perez S, Pulopulos MM, Hidalgo V, Salvador A. Dimensions of negative thinking and the relations with symptoms of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis. Forecasting life satisfaction across adulthood: Benefits of seeing a dark future? Psychol Aging. Optimism and pessimism in social context: An interpersonal perspective on resilience and risk. Smith TW, Ruiz JM, Cundiff JM, Baron KG, Nealey-Moore JB. Pessimism is associated with greater all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, but optimism is not protective. Whitfield JB, Zhu G, Landers JG, Martin NG. Causes of individual differences in adolescent optimism: a study of Dutch twins and their siblings. One study showed that in older people, pessimism was correlated with higher stress levels, more focus on the less positive parts of their life, and a greater tendency to look back on life with more negativity in general, reducing life satisfaction.Īmerican Psychological Association.
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